Hyphaene thebaica Mart.

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Hyphaene thebaica:

Hyphaene thebaica, with common names doum palm (Ar: دوم) and gingerbread tree (also doom palm), is a type of palm tree with edible oval fruit. It is a native to the Arabian Peninsula and also to the northern half of Africa[1] where it is widely distributed and tends to grow in places where groundwater is present. It has been shown that dietary supplementation with doum palm extract has hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects.



Description[edit]

The doum palm is a dioecious palm and grows up to 17 m (56 ft) high. The trunk, which can have a girth of up to 90 cm (35 in), branches dichotomously and has tufts of large leaves at the ends of the branches. The bark is fairly smooth, dark grey and bears the scars of fallen leaves. The petioles (leaf stalks) are about a metre long, sheathing the branch at the base and armed with stout upward-curving claws. The leaves are fan shaped and measure about 120 by 180 cm (47 by 71 in). Male and female flowers are produced on separate trees. The inflorescences are similar in general appearance, up to about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) long, branching irregularly and with two or three spikes arising from each branchlet. Female trees produce large woody fruits, each containing a single seed, that remain on the tree for a long period.[2]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The doum palm is native to the northern half of Africa. It is widespread in the Sahel and grows from Mauritania and Senegal in the west, through Central Africa, and east to Egypt, Kenya and Tanzania. It tends to grow in areas where groundwater is present and is found along the Nile River in Egypt and Sudan, in riverine areas of northwestern Kenya, and along the Niger River in West Africa. It is also native to the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula (Israel, Sinai, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. and is reportedly naturalized in the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean[3] It grows in wadis and at oases, but sometimes occurs away from water and on rocky hillsides. It dislikes waterlogged soils and is very resistant to destruction by bushfires.[2]

Uses[edit]


Hyphaene thebaica - Doum palm


Hyphaene thebaica - Doum palm


Harvested by-products of the Doum palm

The doum palm flourishes in hot dry regions where little else grows and the tree is appreciated for the shade it provides. All parts of the tree are useful, but probably the most important product is the leaves. The fibre and leaflets are used by people along the Niger and Nile Rivers to weave baskets, such as in the material culture of the Manasir. Other things made from the leaves are mats, coarse textiles, brooms, ropes, string and thatch.[2] The timber is used for posts and poles, furniture manufacture and beehives, and the tree provides wood for fuel. The leaf stalks are used for fencing and the fibre is used for textiles. Other products include fishing rafts, brooms, hammocks, carpets, buttons and beads.[4]

Food[edit]

The doum palm fruit-dates are also known in Eritrea as Akat, or Akaat in the Tigre language. The thin dried brown rind is made into molasses, cakes, and sweetmeats. The unripe kernels are edible. The shoots of the germinated seeds are also eaten as a vegetable.[5] In Egypt, the fruit is sold in herbalist shops, and is popular among children, gnawing its sweet yet sour hard fibrous flesh beneath the shiny hard crust. In Diu, Una and Saurashtra region of Gujarat (India), the tree is known as Hoka Tree and the red ripe edible fruit is known as Hoka. In northern part of Nigeria, among the Hausa people, it's known as "Goruba". Apart from the use of the fruit as food, juice is extracted from the young fruit and palm wine is prepared from the sap.[4]

Medicinal uses[edit]

The fruit of the doum palm has been used in folk medicine to treat hypertension. In a trial, a group of patients with raised blood pressure were all given an antihypertensive drug but in half the individuals, this was supplemented with doum fruit extract. It was found that those receiving the supplement had lower systolic and diastolic pressures and lower total cholesterol, and the blood lipids and lipoproteins were changed in a such a way as to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.[6]

Egyptian tombs[edit]

Doum palm was considered sacred by the Ancient Egyptians, and the seed was found in many pharaoh's tombs. On September 24, 2007, it was announced that a team of Egyptian archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass, discovered eight baskets of 3,000 year old doum fruit in King Tutankhamun's tomb. The fruit baskets were each 50 centimetres high, the antiquities department said. The fruit are traditionally offered at funerals.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ a b c "Factsheet: Hyphaene thebaica". AgroForestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 2014-02-25. 
  3. ^ http Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Hyphaene thebaica
  4. ^ a b "Doum palm". Infonet Biovision. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2014-02-26. 
  5. ^ Facciola, S., Cornucopia, A Source Book of Edible Plants Kampong.
  6. ^ El-Gendy, A.; El-Mileegy, A.; Ghyaty, E.; Malek, H.; El-Hamid Mousa, A. (2008). "The Beneficial Dietary Hypotensive and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Hyphaene Thebaica ( Doum )". Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine 7 (1). 
  7. ^ ABC story: Fruit hamper found in King Tut's tomb
  • Hyphaene thebaica in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants - A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorWikipedia
Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyphaene_thebaica&oldid=642907435

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Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorAmy Chang, Amy Chang
SourceNo source database.

Economic Significance :

A member of the family Arecaceae (Palmae), it is native to the Nile region and was considered a sacred tree in ancient Egypt. It produces edible fruits and it's seeds are often eaten as vegetables.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorAmy Chang, Amy Chang
SourceNo source database.

Global Distribution:

Egypt, Palestine, Arabia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/3208

Description:

A dioecious, dichotomously-branched palm with crowded fan-shaped leaves. Male and female inflorescences are similar, except that male flowers are arranged in groups of three while female flowers are solitary. Fruit is a bumpy, broadly cylindrical to subglobose nut that has a smooth epicarp, fibrous, sweet mesocarp and a hard and bony endocarp that encloses an ovoid-globose seed.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/3208

Distribution in Egypt:

Nile region (Qena, Aswan), oases, eastern desert, Res Sea coastal strip and Sinai.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/3208

Distribution:

Distribution: A native of N. Africa; in Pakistan it is sometimes cultivated in the gardens (Karachi).

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthoreFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden
Sourcehttp://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250077151

Description:

Dioecious palm. Stem commonly dichotomously branched 1 or more times, but sometimes simple, 9-20 m tall. Leaves 20-30, in terminal crown, at the top of each branch; leaf blade stiff, nearly orbicular, up to 90 cm long, palmately cut to middle or deeper into 20 or more segments. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers small, pale yellow. Fruit smelling like ginger, pumpy, brown glossy, punctate, mostly obliquely ovoid or oblong, 7-8.5 cm long and almost as broad or longer than broad, pericarp fibrous, endocarp woody.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthoreFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden
Sourcehttp://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250077151

Habitat:

Alluvial and sandy soils.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/3208

Life Expectancy:

Perennial

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorBibliotheca Alexandrina, BA Cultnat, Bibliotheca Alexandrina - EOL Ar
Sourcehttp://lifedesk.bibalex.org/ba/pages/3208
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